Naturalization – Becoming a U.S. Citizen
Who Qualifies for Naturalization?
A person who is not a U.S. citizen by birth may be eligible to become a citizen through the naturalization process. Generally, a person 18 years of age or older may be eligible for citizenship if:
- He or she has been a legal permanent resident of the United States for at least five years; or
- He or she has been a legal permanent resident of the United States for at least three years, and during that time has been married (and remains married) to a U.S. citizen; or
- He or she has served in the military.
People under the age of 18 can become U.S. citizens upon naturalization of their parents.
How Do I Become a U.S. Citizen?
The application process is slightly different depending upon the person applying. Adults begin the process of applying for citizenship by completing and submitting the “Application for Naturalization” (Form N-400). However, those qualified for citizenship because of military service must file additional forms, and those who acquired citizenship through their parents while under the age of 18 need apply only for Certificates of Citizenship.
There is a $225 filing fee, which must accompany Form N-400. The application and fee must be submitted to the appropriate USCIS location, which can be determined by checking the state map on www.uscis.gov.
After the application is submitted, an interview is scheduled. The interview is conducted under oath. While there are some exceptions and variations based on disability, age, and length of residence in the United States, most applicants will be required to demonstrate a basic knowledge of U.S. history and government, and an ability to read, write, and speak English.
Applicants must be fingerprinted for an FBI background check, and there is an additional fee for this process (currently $25). Citizenship may be denied based on criminal history, and certain types of criminal conviction may even provide grounds for deportation of a legal permanent resident.
Oath of Allegiance
When an application for citizenship is approved, the applicant receives a notice of a swearing in ceremony. The applicant becomes a U.S. citizen on the day of the ceremony, and receives a Certificate of Citizenship.
What if My Application is Denied?
Sometimes, it is necessary to reapply for citizenship. When that happens, an entirely new application and application process, including fingerprints and background check, will generally be required. The letter providing notice of the denial of the original application should include a date after which a new application may be submitted.